Vortex Induce Vibration Essay Sample free essay sample

1. 1. Foundation of Study Vortex incited signal ( VIM ) or vortex initiated tremble ( VIV ) is an article shudder impacted by the spin throwing. At the point when liquid stream over the unpolished natural structure. outcome shaped behind the feign object and resulting in spin sloughing. Because of the extensive stretches of motions. the spin actuated quiver will typically make reference to as spin initiated motion. Vortex-initiated motion is an of import start of weakness hurt for obtuse tube shaped natural structure submerged especially for creation risers. At the point when the throwing frequence coordinates the natural structure Eigen frequence. the natural structure will get down to vibrate and the body’s movement becomes independent. Keeping vibrating will take to material weariness and the stuffs will in general crack or tire. Vortex throwing was one of the causes proposed for the disappointment of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge in 1940. Throughout the winter of 2001. a blast drive â€Å"Vertigo† in Ohio endured the spin throwing outcome one of the three towers fallen. We will compose a custom article test on Vortex Induce Vibration Essay Sample or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page On 1968. spin throwing because of high air flows caused the surrender of three towers at Ferrybridge power station. Through innumerable of surveies and explores. a few vortex concealment techniques created intended to chop down the impacts of spin incited signal on unpolished natural structure. Regularly the fairing is utilized in cut bringing down vortex throwing ramification for tube shaped natural structure. Fairing will viably chop down the impeding power and repercussions produced by liquid stream. This examination starts with the comprehension on rules. parametric amounts and impact of spin instigated motion ( VIM ) or vortex initiated tremble ( VIV ) so follow via convey oning reproduction. The examination is mimicked by CFD bundle which is ANSYS Fluent. The results got will be contrasted and the trial outcomes led by other examination laborers. 1. 2. Issue Statement In shipping out the examination. a few issues should be clarified:I. The impacts of moving edges and current on Energytwo. The impacts of chamber measurement on VIMthree. The impacts fairing on spin suppressionfour. Any concealment technique is more efficacious than fairing 1. 3. Goal of Study The point of overview as follow:I. To investigate the impacts of moving edges and current on VIM two. To investigate the impacts of chamber measurement on VIM three. To put the impacts of fairing on vortex concealment four. To build up an adequate technique in vortex concealment 1. 4. Huge of StudyThe of import of this examination is to build up an adequate technique for vortex concealment. The strategy will have the option to stamp down the spin throwing all the more practically contrast with different techniques. Other than. this technique will chop down the hindering power and lift power created by the spin throwing. The powers are the central part to the material break. 1. 5. Extent of Study The Scopess of overview of this examination are recorded as follows:I. Examine and comprehend the essential principles of VIM and VIV on round chamber two. Analysiss VIM using CFD simulationthree. Build up a strong spin concealment method1. 6. Exploration Flow Chart1. 7. Examination Gantt ChartLITERATURE REVIEW ( first Draft )2. 1. Presentation Vortex-initiated signal ( VIM ) or vortex-incited shudder ( VIV ) is a marvel happens when liquid stream over a round and hollow natural structure. At the point when a liquid stream over a barrel shaped natural structure. a shaky stream with floating motion framed behind the natural structure is called throwing frequence. This throwing frequence will related with development of spins. At the point when the spins are non shaped evenly around the natural structure. a clasp evolving non-uniform power per unit region circulation will deliver. resulting lift power proceeding onward each side of natural structure. As the clasp changing lift power keeps proceeding onward the natural structure. the natural structure will vibrate in inline and transverse to the stream. At the point when the throwing frequence is close or equivalent to the Eigen frequence of the natural structure. reverberation happen and the quiver sufficiency of the natural structure is boosted. This marvel is called lock-in and weakness will in general go on. 2. 2. Spins Sheding Formation As the liquid methodologies the front side of the tubing. the unsteady power per unit territory ascends from the free conduit incentive to the staleness point esteem. The high power per unit region powers the liquid to go along the tubing surface and limit beds create on the two sides. The power per unit territory power is balanced by sweet powers and the liquid can non follow the tubing surface to the back side however isolates from the two sides of the tubing and signifier two shear beds. The deepest bit of the shear beds are in contact with the tubing surface and moves more slow than the outmost part. As an outcome. the shear beds move up. [ 1 ] A spin is in the system of development close to the highest point of the chamber surface. Underneath and to one side of the principal spin is another spin which was framed and shed a brief period previously. In this manner. the stream method in the outcome of a chamber or tubing includes the arrangement and sloughing of spins then again fr om one side thus the other. This wonder is vital in innovation plan on the grounds that the substitute development and sloughing of spins other than makes bouncing powers. which happen all the more regularly as the speed of the stream increments. [ 2 ] Figure 2. 1: Vortex arrangement behind a round chamber. [ 2 ]2. 3. Reynolds Number dependance Overall the stream structure around a round chamber can be portrayed by the Reynolds figure of the episode stream and by the area of focuses at which the stream isolates from the chamber surface which in twist rely upon the region of the limit bed ( laminar or fierce ) . [ 3 ] For sweet liquids the stream structure is substantially more convoluted and the harmony between idleness powers and sweet powers is of import. [ 3 ] The near significance is communicated by the Reynolds figure Re characterized as Re =U?Dinertial effectsviscous impacts where U? is the free conduit speed. D is the tubing measurement and ? the kinematic viscousness of the liquid. Figure 2. 2 shows the main depiction of spin throwing from a smooth round chamber in unvarying stream for the significant Reynolds figure governments. Figure 2. 2 Regimes of liquid stream over a smooth tubing. [ 3. 4 ] At Reynolds Numberss beneath 1. no partition happens. The type of the smoothes out is unique in relation to those in an inviscid liquid. The sweet powers cause the smoothes out to travel further separated on the downstream side than on the upstream side of the tubing. [ 1 ] In the Reynolds figure extent of 5 ? Re ? 45. the stream isolates from the back side of the tubing and a symmetric support of spins is shaped in the nearby repercussions. [ 1 ] As the Reynolds figure is additionally expanded the repercussions gets insecure and Vortex Shedding is started. From the start. one of the two spins severs thus the second is shed in view of the nonsymmetrical power per unit territory in the outcome. The discontinuously shed spins structure a laminar intermittent consequence of amazed spins of inverse imprint. This marvel is as often as possible called the Karman vortex road. [ 1 ] In the Reynolds figure scope 150 lt ; Re l t ; 300. intermittent sporadic bothers are found in the consequence. The stream is transitional and a little bit at a time gets troublesome as the Reynolds figure is expanded. [ 1 ] The Reynolds figure scope 300 lt ; Re lt ; 1. 5â ·105 is called subcritical ( the upper bound is now and then given as 2â ·105 ) . The laminar limit bed offprints at around 80 evaluations downstream of the front dormancy point and the spin sloughing is solid and intermittent. [ 1. 3 ] With a farther expansion of Re. the stream enters the basic government. The laminal limit bed offprints on the front side of the tubing. structures a partition bubble and along these lines reattaches on the tubing surface. Reattachment is trailed by a troublesome limit bed and the division point is moved to the back side. to around 140 evaluations downstream the front staleness point. As an outcome the hindering power coefficient is diminished forcefully. [ 1 ] The degree 1. 5â ·105 Re3. 5â ·106. alluded to the writing as the transitional part. incorporates the basic part ( 1. 5â ·105 Re3. 5â ·105 ) and the supercritical part ( 3. 5â ·105 Re3. 5â ·106 ) . In these parts. the chamber limit bed gets troublesome. the partition focuses move rearward to 140 evaluations. what's more, the chamber impeding power coefficient drops abr uptly. [ 3 ] Laminar partition air pockets and 3-dimensional impacts upset the standard sloughing system and widen the range of throwing frequences for smooth surface chambers. [ 3. 5 ] In the post-basic Reynolds figure scope ( Re3. 5â ·106 ) . ordinary spin sloughing is restored with a problematic chamber limit bed. The spin throwing perseveres at Reynolds figure each piece high as 1011. [ 3. 6 ] 2. 4. Strouhal figure dependance At the point when the throwing frequence is close to the Eigen-recurrence of the development. the reverberation will occur and the development seems to sing. A dimensionless figure. the Strouhal figure Sr. is typically utilized as a stage of the overarching sloughing frequence degree Fahrenheit. The definition is Sr= fsDU? where D is the measurement of a round chamber or tubing in cross stream and U? is the free waterway speed. The Strouhal figure of a fixed tubing or round chamber is a guide of Reynolds figure yet less of surface shabbiness and free conduit turbulency as appeared in Figure 2. 3. Figure 2. 3: Strouhal figure versus Reynolds figure for round chambers. [ 4 ] The majority of the Strouhal figure informations were gotten from the measurings of

ACT in 9th Grade

Should You Start Prepping for the SAT/ACT in ninth Grade SAT/ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Before whatever else, planning is the way to progress. While Alexander Graham Bell might not have been alluding explicitly to the SAT or ACT, his words ring as valid for these tests concerning anythingelse. Scoring profoundly on the SAT/ACT is about readiness, and fortunately you have a lot of time to get ready on the off chance that you start early. In the event that you haven't began as of now, how about we examine a few reasons why it's valuable to begin preparing as a first year recruit and the most ideal ways for doing as such. Why Are the SAT and ACT So Important? Most schools expect candidates to send their scores from the SAT or ACT. Schools consider these two tests similarly, so it's dependent upon you to pick and figure out which test will better reinforce your general application. As school affirmations get increasingly more serious consistently (heartbroken, however it's actual!), a solid SAT/ACT score goes far toward making your application stand apart among the a huge number of different candidates. While your educational program and encounters in schools may vary the nation over and the world, the SAT/ACT are intended to test understudies on an equivalent playing field. A few schools have embraced test discretionary and test adaptable strategies, so you'll in the long run need to ensure you're mindful of your school's prerequisites. Be that as it may, it's sheltered to state most of you who are applying to 4-year schools will be taking the SAT or ACT. The SAT is viewed as to a greater extent a basic thinking test that tests yourskills in math, composing, and understanding cognizance and investigation. The ACT likewise has a math, English, and Reading area, however it moreover has a science section.The science segment is practically more like basic perusing than a science class pop test, which I'll clarify in more detail underneath. Both of these tests spread material that you've learned throughout the years and aptitudes you've created by ninth grade. Before diving further into the substance of the tests, how about we talk about why test prep is so significant for the SAT and ACT . Test Prep and the SAT/ACT While you gain information and create basic abilities all through school, most understudies additionally should do a great deal of centered, test-explicit readiness to perform well on the SAT/ACT. This is on the grounds that the tests are one of a kind in the manner they time you and pose inquiries, so you should match procedure and explicit time the executives aptitudes with your insight and comprehension. Through training and considering, you can get comfortable with the structure and kinds of inquiries in each area, how to best move toward them, and what rules of math, sentence structure, and artistic terms will be tried. You can make sense of precisely how to peruse the SAT entries or the ACT entries with time to save, what approaches will support your score in math, and what precisely is tried on the ACT science segment, to give some examples models. Rome wasn't worked in a day, as it's been said, nor would you be able to turn into a specialist in the SAT or ACT for the time being. Freshmangrade is the ideal time to begin preparing for the SAT/ACT, strengthening ideas you have to know, and taking authority practice tests. In case you're experiencing difficulty beginning, recollect that you'll be helping Future You out. By setting aside some effort to prepare now and diagnosing precisely where you have to improve, you'll have the option to be increasingly loosened up when you're in the main part of school applications and progressively concentrated classes, similar to respects and AP classes. Junior Year You will truly value all the assist you with canning give him/her now! So how might you start to prepare? PrepScholar's online program offers adaptable test prep that analyze your qualities and shortcomings, designs your examination calendar, and monitors your advancement en route. This implies PrepScholardoesn't accept that you're a lesser in secondary school, yet meets you atyour level. You can likewise begin with SAT Questions of the Day and ACT Questions of the Day, which are a brisk, simple, and advantageous approach to begin getting acquainted with the sorts of inquiries you'll see on the tests.You can discover online example inquiries on the College Board and ACT sites, just as download and print official practice tests for the SAT and ACT. In the event that you begin concentrating now, you'll become a specialist on the test when you register for your first test date. Not exclusively will SAT/ACT test prep assist you with scoring high on these tests, it additionally will help strengthen what you're realizing in school and may assist you with showing signs of improvement reviews in your classes. We should look at how the tests and your classwork line up. SAT/ACT and What You're Learning In School Regardless of whether you are simply beginning secondary school, you've just taken in a great deal of key abilities and ideas that will help you on the SAT or ACT. You might not have experienced all the jargon or math ideas yet, yet you likely know significantly more than you understand. A few understudies who hold up until junior year really feel like their classes have gotten further developed than what they see on these tests, and they need to return and audit material from past years. By setting aside the effort to prepare now, you can truly ensure you've fortified this information and have an away from of how you can apply it to one of the tests. How about we separate precisely what I mean by this as far as each significant subject. In the first place, how about we think about math. Math Somestudents have just taken a variable based math class when they get to ninth grade, or are in any event acquainted with the related conceptsof a pre-polynomial math class. Polynomial math and geometry make up most of the math inquiries on the SAT, just as on the ACT. The ACT gets somewhat more progressed by covering some trigonometry. As I referenced over, a few understudies are as of now in further developed math classes when they take the SAT or ACT, as in pre-analytics or analytics, and mayhave gotten corroded with their variable based math, geometry, and likelihood. Aside from fortifying the ideas you definitely know with SAT/ACT practice issues, you can likewise get a headstart on tenth and th gradeby acquainting yourself with new math ideas. You may discover nitty gritty clarifications and practice issues that will assist you with learning these ideas freely of class, which can be particularly useful for understudies who function admirably all alone and need to establish their own tone. In case you're amazed that you definitely know a decent arrangement of the math you'll have to excel on the SAT/ACT, you may likewise be captivated to acknowledge you as of now have some key understanding abilities, as well. How about we investigate what perusing abilities you'll require. Perusing While there are a few contrasts between the SAT Reading and the ACT Reading segments, there are more similitudes. Both includea arrangement of sections (counting one sets), with inquiries regarding each, however the specific kind of passagesand style of inquiries differs marginally. The section put together inquiries with respect to the two tests need to ensure you comprehend the universally useful of the entry, just as its tone or style. You'll be approached to decipher a word or expression in setting, alongside exhibiting your comprehension of subtleties. These are generally aptitudes of understanding appreciation and investigation that you'll have created during your time of English classes in center school and ninth grade. Perusing perception is an aptitude best created through perusing broadly and regularly. By preparing for the SAT/ACT as a rookie, alongside the perusing, composing, and examination you do in your English class, you'll improve and better at these abilities. Firmly connected to the perusing segments are the composing segment of the SAT and the English segment of the ACT. Composing and Grammar The Writing segment of the SAT and English area of the ACT are quite practically identical. Both test your comprehension of rules of language structure and grammar. Both likewise incorporate a discretionary exposition. Much the same as in your first year English classes, these testswant you to comprehend language structure rules, grammatical forms, and sentence structure. The articles ought to by and large appear as a five-passage convincing paper upheld with solid models. Rehearsing these in class and through test prep will assist you with building up your English language and composing abilities, much the same as with perusing. One distinction with the SAT/ACT exposition and articles you write in class may be that you'll be composing for the tests under planned conditions and by hand. In this manner you'll need to figure out how to design out your exposition in only a few minutes and draft it quick. Rehearsing this could be another valuable instrument for helping you become progressively proficient with the papers you're doled out for class. There are explicit procedures you can use to draft excellent expositions in a short measure of time that will help you on the SAT/ACT and in class. Test prep for the composing areas could assist you with scoring profoundly, intrigue your instructors, and spare time while as yet composing careful, very much created papers. While the SAT and ACT cover as far as math, perusing, and composing, there is one significant segment distinction between the two. That distinction is the ACT science area. Science In contrast to the SAT, the ACT has a science segment. Thismight sound like it requires a great deal of remembrance, however really the science segment is less about straight review of logical realities and progressively about applying logical abilities, such as understanding outlines and charts and deciphering information. In this sense, the science segment is practically more like the perusing area than the math segment. Having some information on science, earth sciences, and science is useful, however, for being comfortable with the wording and having lab aptitudes that you can apply to genuine information. Since a ton of understudies take science with a lab first year, you'll presumably be in an extraordinary situation to excel on the ACT science area. Much the same as with different segments, test prep on the ACT science can help fortify what you're realizing in class and give you an impression intonext year. It will fortify your abilities with regards to the ACT and keep you from getting corroded and afterward referencing back t

Prime Minister essays

Head administrator papers I am so excited to have been chosen as the new Prime Minister of Canada! I have such a significant number of wants of what I might want to improve while I am chosen. My main goal is to look at a portion of the issues confronting Canadas Aboriginal individuals. At the point when I think back on the historical backdrop of Canadas overseeing, it disheartens and enrages me that there truly has not been a lot of progress in the issues confronting Aboriginal individuals. One reason I chose to run for Prime Minister was that I was tired of the legislature executing all these new projects and arrangements in any case, with there being no real change in the result. The time has come to take on a new gander at what the real issues concerning Aboriginal people groups are. I wind up getting effortlessly overpowered when I take a gander at all the issues. I need to advise myself that I can't make a huge difference without a moment's delay, however that I can be the impetus for proceeded with change later on. I trust that my vision will be expanded every day with respect to what should be possible, and that I won't get debilitated. So with that, I am heading to sleep now I have a bustling first day tomorrow. This is the beginning of my first week as Prime Minister! Today was an exciting day very leaving yet alarming simultaneously. I experienced childhood in the Lower Mainland, thus I attempt to keep solid associations with the MPs from that locale. Perhaps the dearest companion is the MP for Chilliwack, Chuck Strahl. He is a fine family man, really awful he is hitched. I guess that drives me to the issue of keeping up the nuclear family in Aboriginal homes. Such a significant number of kids (native and non native) originate from broken homes nowadays. Typically the guardians are isolated or separated, and this is generally because of liquor and medication misuse. The strain that is put on a family when either of the guardians are heavy drinkers is enormous. To attempt to balance this, I am goin ... <!

Free Essay on Woman in Combat

Women in Combat Since the very beginning of humanity, men were always considered to be the strongest by their nature, and thus, to be common protectors. However, history shows that women took a direct participation in many battles. A lot of females took part in both World Wars and in many other combat operations, for example, in the Vietnam War. In some way, women always played huge role in wars, even though they were absent on battlefields. Despite womens presence in the army forces and in wars, their position was at issue. Usually, females took supporting positions, as physicians and medical nurses, traffic controllers or were in the intelligence support. Since the beginning of the present year, the Pentagon provided a new policy that allows women to take actual part in combats on the front line positions (Durkin). The issue of women serving in the military and being allowed in combats became extremely controversial from different perspectives. The Political Aspect of the Issue Every change in the legislative system of every country contains political basis. The decision to lift a ban on women in the military forces shows the high level of democracy in this particular country. Indubitably, the present party of the USA government will get more support from feminists and female voters in general on the next elections. However, giving permission for women to take part in combats can have a negative impact on the whole party and even the President himself. Many American citizens would not accept or tolerate the fact of killing large numbers of women in wars. Theoretically, lifting a ban can cause mass protests on the nation level all across the country. Therefore, the new law is highly controversial, the governing party may lose its leading position if changes would not be provided properly. Standpoints Supporting Women in Combat Until 2013, in the United States of America, women were forbidden to take part in the actual battles with the enemy on the front lines. However, despite abovementioned banning, females have already been in the flash points not only on support positions (Carreiras and Ku%u0308mmel 17). In fact, they were also a direct target to the enemy as the part of the military forces, but, at the same time, they all were not the full members of the army. With the recent changes, females who serve in the military become fully legitimate part of the units. Since women have vulnerable position in the military, the new law equalizes their rights with mens and makes possible for females to take higher positions (Rubin, Weiss and Coll 38). The new Pentagons law reflects positively on females rights position in the first place. Although, women were involved in wars and battles (for example, as postal unit and medical aid) and fully participated in the combat situations, technically, they were never form ally assigned. Thus, in the eyes of the Army and the Government they were not possessing full rights in the military forces as men did. Another good thing about abovementioned decision is that there will be less raping incidents in the units, at least in theory. Besides, there will be less discriminatory situations in general. On the other hand, more job positions of all types will be opened to women. Today, men hold all executive positions in the Forces. Thus, they monopolize the whole military area, and do not allow women to make a claim for positions with higher influence on the whole area. Throughout human history, women almost always were positioned behind men. In the case of changes, women get the green light to strive for better positions and bring new enhancements to the military system in the future. In the case of proper structuring, females actual battlefield engagement can increase the combat effectiveness. Males and females have different types of vision. Males tunnel vision helps them to concentrate on one target in the front. On the other hand, females peripheral vision allows them to concentrate on one target, but at the same time, it helps to control situation on both sides in the sight line. Because of the ability to concentrate on few different targets, women are more efficient in combats than men. Also, females are more flexible by nature and this feature can help a lot in places with difficult access. The combination of mens strength and womens flexibility and sight may have a great affection on the battle outcome. Allowing females to take part in combats may improve general index of winning in battles and reduce fatal consequence on the battle fields. Women on the Front Line: Negative Sides and Consequences The new law about women in combats is controversial; therefore, a lot of points of view have negative idea. Many arguments against women taking part in combats are reasonable. First, women who are already signed in the Army now have to take actual part in battles, though it was not an option the day they signed in. In this case, females who already serve in the military must go on the front line immediately, if ordered. However, not all women are interested in such position and they do not want to risk their lives or become handicapped on the battle fields. Second, a huge wave of mens protests may happen, because a lot of their jobs, and thus pays, would be taken by women. Another important issue is the womens strength comparing with mens. Today, physical training standards are lower for women. In the case, if women officially become fully equal to men in the eyes of the army, they will have to pass absolutely the same physical test. Unfortunately, not all women are capable to do that, because of their physical structure and natural strength (Laufer-Ukeles 101). Thus, only those women, who pass male normative standards, should be allowed to take part in combats on the front line. Because of the differences in strength, many men would not trust women to watch their backs in combats. Such position can also be provided with the thinking that females are weaker both physically and mentally (Sherrow 42). Having a lot of women in the flash points may cause various uncomfortable situations (at least in the beginning), for example, in the case of absence of separated shower and toilet cabins. Also, in the presence of females, men act differently, especially in the presence of a handsome female. The natural instincts of men may cause distractions from their straight duties on the front line. Such behavior can cause forming relationships during serving, which will lead to increasing of pregnancies (Skaine 37-38). Therefore, it will make many service women combat-ineffective. Moreover, monthly periods affect battle readiness of many females and it may force them out of action for several days. What is more, with the differences in the genital structure, womans body is more vulnerable to the various venereal diseases and infections. In the case of long-term absence of shower, it is highly possible for women to get a serious infection that can spread to other males or females of the unit. The most important issue with lifting a ban on women in combat is the possibility of women being raped by the enemy men. Such situations will cause even huge wars with more anger and mental cruelty. Moreover, if an American woman will be raped by an Islamic man, with a high possibility, this action will cause the Great War between Christian and Islamic worlds. Conclusion Since the ancient history, mens life considered to be less valuable, because women give birth to children and it was a duty of a man to protect women so they could give birth to new generations. For the last few decades, many things have changed and more women strive to protect own families and countries by themselves. Having a great amount of women in the military forces have both advantages and disadvantages for the army in general. Supporters of the new Pentagons law are reasonable in their arguments. The same can be said about those who are against it. All abovementioned points of view have highly logical arguments due to the problem. The new system has to be adapted for the innovation so it could increase the military effectiveness. Every aspect of the issue must be fully examined and analyzed in theory, to make sure that recent changes are the right call for women in the army and the military system in general. One of the main questions is to adapt physical test standards for both genders and decide if those should be completely equal for both men and women. Since, present daily training standards are lower for females a lot of complaints from men can be raised. Since, the main participants in combats are males it is hard to predict what affect the Pentagons law will have on the whole system. Lastly, it is too soon to tell if changes will end with positive or poor consequences for the whole system. Related essays Alcohol Use and its Consequences The Amish Culture HIV AIDS, Gender and Sexual Orientation Multicultural Critical Theory h2{font-size:2em} Login form Get Started Free! Forgot password? To register place your 1st order Register for free Why choose EliteWritings.com? Our company offers superior services for affordable prices We employ native speakers from the English speaking countries only Customers private information is never disclosed to third parties Plagiarism is not allowed under any circumstances Our writers are familiar with various writing styles Professionals from Elitewritings.com use only up-to-date sources for thorough research Customers communicate with writers directly 24/7 support is ready to help round the clock Ability to complete orders within shortest deadlines Discount program 5%OFF for more than 15 pages 10%OFF for more than 30 pages 15%OFF for more than 50 pages Read more Contacts Call me back Chat online Telephone // Format and Features 300 words/page All paper formats (APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago/Turabian) Font: 12 point Times New Roman Double and single spacing Free bibliography page Free title page Free plagiarism report (on demand) Free revision (on demand) Progressive delivery We hate SPAM! 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The Treatment Of Alzheimer s Disease Essay - 1345 Words

In 1970, Evelyn Stone was diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease. However, her husband, Jerome Stone, already knew that something was wrong years before the actual diagnosis. Jerome H. Stone originally grew up to be a businessman, â€Å"helping to build the multi-billion dollar Stone Container Corporation,† (Santos) which was his family’s business. As a member of the executive committee of the business, Stone â€Å"had the ability to pull people together to coalesce things,† (Megan) and did exactly that in 1979 when he brought together families concerned about Alzheimer’s. â€Å"Astonished at how little was known about Alzheimer’s,† (Megan) Jerome Stone created the non-profit organization known as the Alzheimer’s Association just one year after meeting with the families, on April 10, 1980. 36 years later, the non-profit continues to thrive, arguably as the top organization in advancing the care for Alzheimer’s, as it has been able to raise large sums of money through donors and accomplish goals through United States federal legislation. According to its website, the Alzheimer’s Association’s specific goal encompasses around three specific points: advance scientific research for the disease; enhance care for diagnosed patients; advocate for brain health education to reduce the risk of dementia in the future. Therefore, the specific actions taken to reach the goal differ based on which of the three points are being focused on. Advancing research is accomplished through both promoting aShow MoreRelatedSymptoms And Treatment Of Alzheimer s Disease1063 Words   |  5 Pagesthe effects of Alzheimer’s disease, many of these treat the symptoms but not the cause. One specific medication, cholinesterase inhibitors is not fully understood but it is believed to help decrease the breakdown of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter (About Alzheimer s Disease: Treatment, n.d.). Cholinesterase is both beneficial in it’s aid in treatment and not— this medicine over time causes neurons not to produce as much acetylcholine (About Alzheimer s Disease: Treatment, n.d.). This drug worksRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Alzheimer s Disease920 Words   |  4 PagesAlthough there is no cure for Alzheimer’s there are ways to treat this disease. 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Her past medical history includes a broken pinky finger in 2005, a hyper extended knee in 2010, and a sprained thumb from early 2015. All three of these cases were fixed and the patient is not looking for treatment for any illness at the time. Patient reports that she is eating a well-balancedRead MoreSymptoms And Treatments Of Alzheimer s Disease1592 Words   |  7 PagesAlzheimer’s d isease. It was devastating to hear, especially not knowing what to expect, and only having information and ideas based on stereotypical behavior. I am familiar with some of the characteristics of a person living with AD, (Alzheimer’s Disease), however I really do not know what to expect as the disease progresses. My goal with this research paper is to develop my understanding of the disease as a caretaker, and find alternative treatments to go along with his current medical treatment plan.Read MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Alzheimer s Disease1220 Words   |  5 PagesThere are many diseases and disorders in the world that can attack a human’s body and destroy certain organ systems in the process. In this paper, you will learn about a particular disease that has been studied by many scientists and doctors for decades. Research hospitals such as Mayo Clinic and John Hopkins University have studied Alzheimer’s disease in order to come to conclusions on what the di sease is and what can cure the disease. This disease can cause critical damage to a human’s body from

Hero Archetypes and Epic Conventions in the Odyssey and...

Hero Archetypes and Epic Conventions in The Odyssey and Beowulf It is remarkable how closely one can compare two epics that have such diverse and unique historical and cultural backgrounds. A Greek poet named Homer wrote The Odyssey sometime from BC 1400-900 during the Mycenaean Period. The epic preceding The Odyssey, called The Iliad, revolves around Achilles, the hero of the commonly known Trojan Wars. The Odyssey is a continuation of The Iliad and deals with Odysseus, another hero of the Trojan Wars, who has been on a quest to reach his family in Ithaca for ten years and is continuously hampered by various trials. Odysseus is believed by many to have been a much-loved Mycenaean king (Milch 67-68). Beowulf, on the other hand, does not†¦show more content†¦They have seen my strength for themselves, Have watched me rise from the darkness of war, Dripping with my enemies blood. I drove Five great giants into chains, chased All of that race from the earth. (Raffel 171-177) Beowulf claims, That I, alone and with the help of my men, may purge all evil from this hall, (Raffel 187-188). This constant emphasis on the prevailing can also be seen in phrases such as, I had chosen to remain close to his side. I remained near him for five long nights, (Raffel 263) and the dramatic, My purpose was this: to win the good will of your people or die in battle, pressed in Grendels fierce grip, (Raffel 354). Beowulf, unlike Odysseus, uses brute force to accomplish his goals. Intelligence and wit are prominent in The Odyssey, while in Beowulf, raw strength can be seen during his conflict with Grendel. He twisted in pain, and the bleeding sinews deep in his shoulder snapped, muscle and bone split and broke. The battle was over... (Raffel 468-470). This overwhelming emphasis on violence is found in its Christian roots of martyrdom. Beowulf cites his causes for vanquishing evil here, ...[Beowulf] had driven affliction off, purged Herot clean. He was happy, now, with that n ights fierce work; the Danes had been served...Beowulf, a prince of the Geats, had killed Grendel, ended the grief, (Raffel 478-483). Ongoing quests of destruction lead Beowulf to forfeit his own life so the lives of others can be saved. He

E-Portfolio Nursing Patient Deterioration

Question: Discuss about theE-Portfolio Nursing forPatient Deterioration. Answer: Further Questions for the Nurse During Handover: I would ask the nurse some questions for clarity; What were the differential diagnoses and how were they eliminated to conclude it could be pneumonia specifically? This gives me the reason to rule out pulmonary tuberculosis because I suspect it could be there (Williams, 2016). Again, I would ask the changes that are expected on the patient for me to be ready. What are the latest vital observations of temperature, pulse, respiration rate and blood pressure? Are any family members present and who was the secondary source of information during the primary assessment? Is the patient on any other drugs from the previous conditions? Were there any dietary alterations in the past week that may have led to weight loss? Does the patient have any cognitive impairments and psychological instabilities? Does the patient have any drug or food allergies? What are his commonest stressors? What are the values and beliefs that he holds dear? What is the patients perception of his condition? If answere d, I shall have a broader scope of patient information for continuity of care (Williams, 2016). Further assessments: I would do a further respiratory assessment to rule out PTB. This is to be done by auscultation anteriorly and posteriorly where there could be unilateral air entry and the other one is not. Also, I will do a cardiovascular assessment to confirm if congestive cardiac failure (CCF) is contained. Stool assessment for any occult blood would help confirm the resurgence of gastric ulcers or if the abdominal pain was just due to another GIT infection. Examining the stool for occult blood is done by collecting some of the stool and seeing if there are patches of blood that is digested. I will take vital signs hourly to detect any changes. I will assess any evidence of cardiac overload during the administration of normal saline considering that he has a history of CCF and he is old. This is done by assessing the extremities for pitting edema and orbital edema as well. I would also do an assessment based on the eleven functional health patterns by Gordon (Levett-Jones, 20 13). This will help capture other details that may contribute to his recuperation (Williams, 2016). The assessment that I would do after receiving the patient involves the blood pressure, temperature, pulse and respiratory rate (vital signs). This helps in management of any emergencies that could occur. Again, a nutritional assessment by taking the Body Mass Index (BMI) would help in adjusting the clients IV supplements since he has abdominal discomfort that may be due to the gastric ulcers. This is done by taking the weight in kilograms over the square of his height in meters. The weight loss could be as a result of malabsorption. Also, pain scaling would be important where I would rate it as severe, moderate or mild. Assessment 2. Consider the patient situation What current information do you have on this pt? What new information have you gathered? Mr. Joe, is a 92-year-old male with a history of gastric ulcer, CCF and CVA. He has a chesty cough and is producing sputum. He lost 3 kilograms of weight in the previous week. Currently, he is on 1.5 liters of oxygen through a nasal prone. The left hand has an IV cannula and he has received antibiotics; IV gentamycin and cephazolin as indicated in the treatment chart. He takes nothing per oral and has passed stool twice and the urine output is consistent. Collect Cues/Information What further cues and information would be useful? Why? The weight loss of 3kilograms could be as a result of malabsorption and so I have to ask him whether he felt some abdominal pain after meals and could that be the reason he did not eat. This helps note the cause of the weight loss. (Felton, 2012) Process Information What changes do you notice in the cues and information provided? Which changesare significant for this patientand why? What do you think these changes could indicate and why? What could be the outcome of these changes? The changes that are notable in the cues are the onset of abdominal pain and chesty cough. The need to rule out other respiratory pathologies like PTB is important. If the chesty cough has taken more than two weeks, then we could suspect PTB and the sputum test could be confirmatory. The outcome of these changes could be a change of treatment to the anti-TB drugs and shifting the patient to a secluded TB unit. (Lee, Lee, Bae, Seo, 2016) Identify Problems/issues Given the facts that you have available and comparing those to what you think the changes could indicate/identify one potential patient problem/issue. Upon reviewing the history and the changes that I have noted, one potential patient problem is nutritional imbalance related to malabsorption secondary to gastric ulcers. Establish Goals Describe what you want to happen. Who do you want involved and what do you want them to do? In what timeframe? The most important intervention for the patient after pain management is nutritional review and subsequent supplementation. I would review the patient with the help of a nutritionist so that the best intervention is made. This is important to boost his immunity. After a span of four days in the ward with IV nutritional supplementation, the client is expected to gain weight. Take Action What nursing actions will you take? What will be your nursing priorities? Patient teaching on coughing techniques and hygienic interventions. Also, I would initiate a psychological support program. Administration of prescribed antibiotics and other medications that could be helpful. My priority shall be the administration of analgesics and nutritional supplements. Evaluate Outcomes What do you expect to achieve from the actions have taken? I expect that the patient will verbalize absence of pain 20 minutes after administration of analgesics. Also, the patient will gain weight after four to five days of nutritional supplementation. (Levett-Jones, 2013) Reflect on Process and new learning What have you learnt from this exercise? I have learnt that cues are important because they give specific health information that may help change the patients condition and they are elicited through the clinical reasoning process. References Felton, M. (2012). Recognising signs and symptoms of patient deterioration. Emergency Nurse, 20(8), 23-27. https://journals.rcni.com/doi/abs/10.7748/en2012.12.20.8.23.c9480 Lee, J., Lee, Y., Bae, J., Seo, M. (2016). Registered nurses' clinical reasoning skills and reasoning process: A think-aloud study. Nurse Education Today, 46, 75-80. https://secure.jbs.elsevierhealth.com/action/consumeSsoCookie?redirectUri=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nurseeducationtoday.com%2Faction%2FconsumeSharedSessionAction%3FMAID%3DbDBFKBJuZCKrwinNuwM9dw%253D%253D%26SERVER%3DWZ6myaEXBLGliB%252BRW%252F74SA%253D%253D%26JSESSIONID%3Daaan3b8EwBz8AcL0eE6Fv%26ORIGIN%3D303803872%26RD%3DRDacw=utt= Levett-Jones, T. (2013). Clinical reasoning. Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.: Pearson Australia. Williams, R. (2016). Handover standards. Nursing Management, 23(2), 19-19. https://journals.rcni.com/doi/10.7748/nm.23.2.19.s19

Research Paper on Information Theory Essay Example

Research Paper on Information Theory Essay Information theory is the study of how the transfer of information can be done most effectively. The so-called statistical information theory was founded in the mid-1900s by Claude Shannon as part of a communication theory he developed, where the information theoretical concept of entropy plays a central role. In his theory, information measure is a measure of the increased determination degree you will be provided a variety of possible alternatives reduced to a smaller amount of options. This is measured as the logarithm of the ratio of the number of options before and after the reduction. This information measure is used inter alia in communication theory for calculating a channel capacity to transfer information and in coding theory for calculating the redundancy, and the degree of data compression possible. An example of areas in which the theory has gained much importance is telecommunications, computer technology, space technology, and biology. In most cases, this involves sending a complete message from a sender to a receiver. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Information Theory specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Information Theory specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Information Theory specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The history of the information theory dates back to the 1940s, when Claude Elwood Shannon delivered significant contributions to the theory of data transmission and probability theory. He wondered how to ensure lossless data transmission channels via electronic (and optical today). This involves, in particular, to separate the data signals from the background noise. He was also trying to identify errors occurring during the transmission and correct it. The additional redundant (bearing no additional information) is necessary for the data to be sent and received, as well as to be verified or corrected. It is doubtful and was not claimed by Shannon that his 1948 study published A Mathematical Theory of Communication is of substantial importance for issues outside the communications technology. The concept of entropy used by him, associated with the thermodynamics is a formal analogy for a mathematical expression. In general can be defined as an engineering theory at a high abstraction level of information theory. It shows the trend for the scientific nature of art, which led to the formation of the engineering sciences. The reference point of Shannon’s theory is the accelerated development of electrical communications technology with its forms of telegraphy, telephony, radio, and television in the first half of the 20th Century. Before and next to Shannon there were Harry Nyquist, RVL Hartley, and Karl Kupfmuller who made important contributions to the theory of communication engineering. Norbert Wiener gave mathematical clarifications of relevance to the information theory, which helped its considerable publicity in the context of his reflections on cybernetics. If you need a good source of a highly urgent data you will need to look through free sample research papers on information theory, which will give a clear understanding of the issue. Are you looking for a top-notch custom research paper on Information Theory topics? Is confidentiality as important to you as the high quality of the product? Try our writing service at EssayLib.com! We can offer you professional assistance at affordable rates. Our experienced PhD and Master’s writers are ready to take into account your smallest demands. We guarantee you 100% authenticity of your paper and assure you of dead on time delivery. Proceed with the order form: Please, feel free to visit us at EssayLib.com and learn more about our service!

billy bathgate essays

billy bathgate essays Billy Bathgate, is a book of a young boys transition into manhood. It is an amazingly well-written book that intrigued me the entire way through. It starts out in Billys hometown, the Bronx of New York in the twenties; a time of social unrest and prohibition. The apartment building Billy lives in is not the epitome of cleanliness. The streets are littered with papers and loud noises of the trains that go by every hour. Rundown little bungalows and an occasional three-story fake brick building separate the boatyards and factories in Billys neighborhood. Across the street from Billys apartement building is an orphanage which he visits often because of a girl, Rebecca who he screws two times for a dollar. His mother works at a laundromat, washing clothes for a company and has been driven insane by the poverty she lives in. She doesnt really take care of Billy and in essence he learns how to survive in the Bronx with the street smarts he has taught himself. He knows that he has something special; a desire to work and be prosperous that many of the other younger boys do not. He acts older than his age and maybe that is why he catches the eye of Dutch who also lived in the neighborhood and is now rich. Dutch is the leader of a mob that has one of their main warehouses located in the Bronx. All the boys here wish they could become like Dutch; as someone that rose from this dirty place and made a place in the world for themselves. One day, Billy was juggling on the train tracks when he hears someone yell, Hey, boy! He is motioned to come over to Dutch who hands him ten dollars and compliments him on his juggling. This is where the fire in Billy is sparked and he becomes determined to join Dutchs gang. After following and watching around the neighborhood, Billy finds out about another warehouse on Park Avenue and brings a brown paper bag, so he will be allowed to get in...

The Angel of Death and the Sculptor Research Paper

The Angel of Death and the Sculptor - Research Paper Example Daniel Chester French was born in 1850 and died in 1913 and was recognized as one of the best American sculptors of his time. He was born in New Hampshire to a lawyer and US treasury secretary. His roots were quickly defined in American patriotism with his links and friendship with Ralph Waldo Emerson and the Alcott Family. After high school, French attended the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; however, he left quickly to help his father on the farm. He began painting after being influenced by art work from a visit to New York City and received his first commission for a statue known as â€Å"The Minute Man.† By 1913, French had received a Fellow at the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and was afterwards consistently recognized for his works. He was a founding member of the National Sculpture Society and was a member of the Academy of Arts and Sciences, as well as other artistic groups. The works he is best known for is the â€Å"Abraham Lincoln† sculpture at the Lincoln Memorial, Pulitzer Prize medal, and â€Å"Statue of the Republic.† Most of French’s works are consistent with the Revolution of America as the main theme as well as the historical aspects of each design. The â€Å"Angel of Death and the Sculptor† is one of a few of the works which French did based on cemetery areas that were in use. The commission came from Boston sculptor Martin Milmore and was based on the memory of his brother, Joseph. The original statue was made in bronze and was caste in Massachusetts. However, it quickly gained wide recognition and was offered a space in the World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago. The replica of the bronze was acquired by the Metropolitan Museum of Art in 1917 and was then re-carved in marble in 1926 to be placed at the memorial2. These concepts were used and recognized as a way of honoring the memorial that was built while basing the memorial around the honor of the Civil War and the independence of America. This was combined with the healing process that was used for the war and in response to the lives that were lost to gain freedom through the land3. The different techniques which were used at this time were a combination of subject matter with basic ideologies which

Critically examine the role that technology can play in the Essay

Critically examine the role that technology can play in the recruitment and selection proces - Essay Example Many human resource practitioners spend a huge amount of time in handling activities related to recruitment and selection of new employees (Florea & Badea 2013). Most of these activities might include one-off recruitment episodes to grand recruitment campaigns launched to recruit and select replacement staff, trainees, staff with skills, graduates and many more (Martin,Whiting & Jackson 2010). Due to this engagement, the human resource managers find it easy or difficult to meet the required standards of an organization. It is because of this tedious work most human resource mangers undergo that has le d to the mass adoption of technology in the whole process of recruitment and selection. According to available literature studies, almost 98% of all organizations in the world have incorporated the use of technology and internet in carrying out the process of recruiting and selecting new employees into the workforce. With the ever increased advancement in technology, it is arguably true that recruitment is the most technologically influenced sector in any organizational setting. According to Aarhus (n.d), e-recruiting has taken centre stage and has fundamentally influenced the corporate recruiting process starting from the batch mode to the continuous mode, leading to a major change in the way the business is done. Ensher, Nielson and Vallone (2002) contend that most companies have adopted the most elaborative and creative methods to procure the services of the most qualified talents from the ever sinking pool of talent. More specifically, the human resource managers are currently using technology and the internet to enhance the process of recruitment and selection. As reported by the CMA, the use of technology and internet in the recruitment and selection increased from just 29% in 1998 to 88% by the year 2001. Ensher et al. (2002) further points out that the use of technology in the Human reso urce management is witnessed in three broad

Victory at a price Essay Example for Free

Victory at a price Essay I ran my small pale hand shaking in the bitter winter wind, gently down his left hind leg. It felt smooth and strong, there was no sign of the recent injury. I felt a great sense of relief. It was going to be alright. Luxembourg turned his head with a white blaze down it to his mouth, towards me and gently moved his big hooves out of my way. He seemed to sense that I was nervous and touchy. It was the night before the big race. I sighed deeply; I stood to lose everything, the stables, the horses and the staff. We had not made any money for such a long time. Our lives depended on winning the second race tomorrow at Kempton Park. I woke up to the early morning sun streaming through my upstairs bedroom window. I was eager and excited but I still had some concerns that in a couple of hours, when the race finishes, he would come back safe and sound but I would be over the moon if Luxembourg was to win. It was not to long before I drove the enormous horse box, fifty five miles up to Kempton Park Racecourse on the outskirts of London, where he would be having his first run on the Racecourse just approaching two years Monday week. I was just going through the gate which said Horseboxes in big, bold and black writing engraved on the white board next to the gate. I had to show the security pass to get through. Every part of my body was trembling and shivering with anxiety and hope that Luxembourg the cute and chocolate coloured would come back safely and we would get a big run out. I was hoping in a few hours time all my hard work with staff with this horse would pay off today with a place or a win. I was shivering, I was growing colder and colder with hope, but most of all anxiety, I had now got Goosebumps running up my arms and legs, everywhere. A cold anxiety filled hour of bitter coldness has just passed; I walked the horse out into the pre parade ring. I put the saddle on tightly so it would not move as he was running the race. He was number 9, it was my lucky number, I thought could this be my lucky day today. Luxembourg and I walked round the pre parade ring a couple of times before we went into the dreaded parade ring. The atmosphere was electrifying. There were a couple of 100 people watching us, only us in the pre parade because all the other entrants had already made their way to the parade ring. My heart was in my mouth. We walked through the plastic gates through to the parade ring. There were a couple of thousand people watching us because we were the last horse to go through. I could feel Luxembourg tensing up and scared, there were lots and lots of people watching him. We walked round and round the huge parade ring. I heard a voice faintly; he said number nine looks fit and healthy. I thought to myself that must be a good sign if other people think he is fit. The first bell rang deafeningly, it meant the jockeys were to come out and mount up onto the horse. Paddy came out jogging; he came over and talked to us. He said Go from the front, see how it goes. I went over to the horse with Paddy, I gave him a leg up, and we were the first mounted up. I walked out to the course holding the horse reigns as if I was walking a dog. I said Good Luck to Paddy and let the reigns go. Luxembourg was off, his glistening coat shining in the beaming bright sun. His picturesque face standing out with the long and lovely white blaze standing out on his chocolate coloured coat. He made his way down to the 2 mile start by Swinley Bottom. I went to my place high up in the gigantic stand in front of the massive course; I was surrounded by about three million people watching the race. I was shivering and trembling. Theyre off Luxembourg went off in the lead by about ten lengths clear of the rest of the horses. A mile gone Luxembourg still ahead but the rest of the field have just come back to him. As Luxembourg came past the winning post for the first time, I shouted as loud as I could COME ON PADDY. He was going the best out of the other eight who were being nudged along a touch. He jumped the next two down at Swinley Bottom as if he was jumping for fun. It was all going well I thought to myself. The next fence came; the field of nine were bunched together. Luxembourg was still first. He jumped the next extremely well. The second horse fell and brought down the third and fourth. The ninth horse refused the fence. There was six left. Luxembourg was left three lengths clears of number 2 who was 8 lengths ahead of the remainder who were weakening rapidly. Paddy decided to kick on, He began to get tired, he came to the last fence of sixteen. He was extremely tired, he clattered the fence. The second was closing in on him on the run in. Luxembourg was idling in front. He went one way and then the other. Paddy gave him a few slaps down the neck. One hundred metres left, one furlong until the end. The second horse came closer, closer, and closer. The race went to the judge. A few minutes wait, I was trembling, shivering and Goosebumps went everywhere. The judge spoke first number 9 Luxembourg, Second Number 2 Kauto Star. I went down to pick him up, I whispered to Paddy Well Done. He was delighted. I walked him into the winners enclosure. I felt that Luxembourg was not walking as fit as usual. He was limping; we thought something must be wrong with him. He just about got into the winners enclosure. I asked the vet to look at him. The vet said he had to be put down, he could not live another hour. He was put down. I fell to the ground in complete shock. I was in tears. A puddle building up on my face. I was sweating, shivering but most of all distraught. My staff, family and I were distressed and depressed. He was the best horse I ever had for the thirteen years we have been running the stable. I thought to myself, no one can ever replace Luxembourg, he was a superior, excellent and energetic horse that will never be forgotten and always have a place in our hearts. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Miscellaneous section.

Drug Abuse Among American Teenagers Essay -- Drug Abuse, Substance Abu

Drug Abuse Among American Teenagers Drug abuse in America is a major problem. Especially among teenagers. Drugs have hurt the lives of nearly 40 percent of all teenagers in America. Either with health problems, DWIs, highway crashes, arrests, impaired school and job performance. These drugs that teenagers use range from Alcohol, LSD, Marijuana, and even Cigarettes. Most of the teenagers that are involved in drug abuse have either, broken families, parents that are drug abusers, a unstable environment where they are constantly moving from place to place, or there parents aren't exactly making a lot of money and they are never around because they are trying to make enough money for them to survive. But even to most ordinary teenager can have a drug problem depending on there friends, and relationship with there family. These teenagers turn to drugs because they have no where else to turn. There family members aren't ever around, or hardly ever around. Some teens may have there parents around, but they too are involved with drug abuse, giving little or no attention to there children. They may have dropped out of school, or aren't meeting the standards set for them to meet, giving them a sense that they aren't worth anything. So what do they do? They turn to drugs, thinking that it will take all there problems away. They soon discover new friends with the same outlook on drugs as they have. And now they have a place to turn, a place where they will not be rejected or put down, a place where nothing matters, everyday is a good day. Until they finally just fall apart. The reason most teens get involved in drugs is because they have what's called a low inner and outer containment. Inner containment is what people believe is right... ...ervices, 1996). 2. The Gallup Organization, Consult with America: A Look at How Americans View the Country's Drug Problem, Summary Report (Rockville, Md.: March 1996). 3. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Preliminary Estimates from the 1995 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse. 4. Rand Corporation, Modeling the Demand for Cocaine (Santa Monica, Calif.: Rand Corporation, 1994). 5. W. Rhodes, P. Scheiman, and K. Carlson, What America's Users Spend on Illegal Drugs, 1988-1991 (Washington, D.C.: Abt Associates, Inc., under contract to the Office of National Drug Control Policy, 1993). 6. National Narcotics Intelligence Consumers Committee, The NNICC Report 1995: The Supply of Illicit Drugs to the United States (Washington, D.C.: Drug Enforcement Administration, August 1996). 7. Office of National Drug Control Policy, Pulse Check

Ethnic Groups and Racism Essay

Race and ethnicity are important concepts in the field of sociology and are ones that are studied a great deal. Race plays a large role in everyday human interactions and sociologists want to study how, why, and what the outcomes are of these interactions. A race is a human population that is believed to be distinct in some way from other humans based on real or imagined physical differences. Racial classifications are rooted in the idea of biological classification of humans according to morphological features such as skin color or facial characteristics. An individual is usually externally classified (meaning someone else makes the classification) into a racial group rather than the individual choosing where they belong as part of their identity. Conceptions of race, as well as specific racial groupings, are often controversial due to their impact on social identity and how those identities influence someone’s position in social hierarchies. Ethnicity, while related to race, refers not to physical characteristics but social traits that are shared by a human population. Some of the social traits often used for ethnic classification include: †¢nationality †¢tribe †¢religious faith †¢shared language †¢shared culture †¢shared traditions Unlike race, ethnicity is not usually externally assigned by other individuals. The term ethnicity focuses more upon a group’s connection to a perceived shared past and culture. II. CONTENT/ CREATIVE REPORT DEFINITION OF RACE AND ETHNICITY Race is a socially defined category, based on real or perceived biological differences between groups of people. Ethnicity is a socially defined category based on common language, religion, nationality, history or another cultural factor. Sociologists see race and ethnicity as social constructions because they are not rooted in biological differences, they change over time, and they never have firm boundaries. Example: White The distinction between race and ethnicity can be displayed or hidden, depending on individual preferences, while racial identities are always on display. THE SOCIOLOGICAL MEANING OF ETHNIC GROUPS AND RACISM The classification of people into races and ethnic groups carries deep implication on the social and political life of different racial and ethnic groups. These classifications led to the notion of racial superiority and racial inferiority, culturally advanced groups and culturally disadvantaged, the use of derogatory undertones and parody, apartheid policy, discrimination and prejudice, and stereotyping of groups of people. Ethnic conflicts have been regular process within the same territorial borders and among the nations of the world. Ethnic conflicts have been pervasive and dangerous because they cause massive humanitarian suffering, civil wars, and destabilizing effects. Sociologically, â€Å"race† refers to a group of people whom others believe are genetically distinct and whom they treat accordingly. This term is commonly used to refer to physical differences between people brought about by physical characteristics of genetic origin. This commonness of genetic heritage may be manifested in the shape of the head and face, the shape and color of the eyes, the shape of the nose, lips, and ears, the texture and color of the hair, the skin color, height, blood type and other physical characteristics. Among the significant racial categories studied by early social scientists were the Caucasoid, Mongoloid, Negroid, and the subgroups of primary and derived races. Racial differences are seen as physical differences singled out by the community or society as ethnically significant. It is preferable to refer to ethnicity or ethnic groups rather than race for its historical and biological connotations. An ethnic group represents a number of persons who have a common cultural background as evidenced by a feeling of loyalty to a given geographical territory or leader, a feeling of identification with and unity among historical and other group experiences, or a high degree of similarity in social norms, ideas and material objects. Members of ethnic groups see themselves as culturally different from other groups in the society and are viewed by others to be so. SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF MEMBERSHIP IN RACIAL AND ETHNIC GROUPS. Membership in racial and ethnic groups influences people’s social status and roles as they interact with others. Physical characteristics, especially skin color and certain distinctive cultural traits, complexes, and patterns, become badges for social and economic status. Frequently, they establish a person’s or groups position in the social stratification system and make up the foundation for prejudice, discrimination, and other forms of differential treatment. Furthermore, when an ethnic group becomes a target of discrimination, such group may utilize the unique physical or cultural traits as the rallying force for promoting common loyalties and enhancing collective action. When people’s definition of physical characteristics greatly affects their relationship, such definitions generally become interlinked with cultural differences. A classic example is the white man’s justification of his technological, economic, political and military superiority. Examples are such ideologies as the God-chosen race, the white man’s burden and more recently, the apartheid policy. Since the early days of the United States, Native Americans, African-Americans and European-Americans were classified as belonging to different races. But the criteria for membership in these races were radically different. For Africans, the government considered anyone with African appearance to be purely African. Native Americans, on the other hand, were classified based on a certain percentage of Indian blood. Finally, European-Americans had to have purely white ancestry. The differing criteria for assigning membership to particular races had relatively little to do with biology; it had far more to do with maintaining a group’s defined roles and position. Racial and ethnic membership leads to a sense of people-hood. By this, we mean a sense of identification with a relatively small segment of the world’s population- those who by virtue of common ancestry or heritage we consider â€Å"our own kind†. Erich Fromm wrote in 1941: â€Å"The identity with nature, clan, religion, gives the individual security. He belongs to, he is rooted in, structuralized whole in which he has an unquestionable place. He may suffer from hunger or suppression, but he does not suffer from worst of all pains- complete aloneness and doubt. † PATTERNS OF ETHNIC GROUP RELATIONS. People who occupy a subordinate status are usually called a minority group. What determines a minority group is not the unique racial or ethnics traits nor their great number but the relationship of different groups in the society of which they are a part. A minority group, then is one that, because of the power of differences among the groups, is singled out for unequal treatment in the society. A minority refers to a group which, because of physical and cultural characteristics, occupies a subordinate position in the society and subjected to collective discrimination, in some cases, even segregation, oppression, slavery, peonage, military subjugation, religious persecution, and economic, political, educational, and social suppression. The patterns of ethnic group relations include the following: 1. Patterns of Racism a. Prejudice and discrimination †¢Racism – is behavior that is motivated by the belief that one’s own group is superior to other groups that are set apart on the basis of physical characteristics Structural racism refers to inequalities built into an organization or system. An example of structural racism can be seen in recent research on workplace discrimination. [37] There is widespread discrimination against job applicants whose names were merely perceived as â€Å"sounding black. â€Å" These applicants were 50% less likely than candidates perceived as having â€Å"white-sounding names† to receive callbacks for interviews, no matter their level of previous experience. †¢Prejudice – prejudged negative attitude or opinion about a group without bothering to verify the merits of the opinion or judgment The relationship between prejudice and discrimination is complex. Robert Merton’s study and typology of the relationship between prejudice and discrimination Four patterns 1. Unprejudiced nondiscriminatory – integration 2. Unprejudiced and discriminatory – institutional discrimination 3. Prejudiced and nondiscriminatory – latent bigotry 4. Prejudiced and discriminatory – outright bigotry In his study, (1974), Bulatao listed impressions on some ethnic groups by respondents from five Philippine cities: Ilocanos and Chinese were viewed as most industrious, serious, thrifty; Tagalogs, progressive; Bicolanos and Cebuanos, humble, friendly, warm, and peaceful; Warays, lazy but strong; and Ilongos, proud and extravagant. b. Discrimination refers to the act of disqualifying or mistreating people on the basis of their group membership or on ascriptive rounds rationally irrelevant to the situation. Whereas prejudice is a state of mind, discrimination is actual behavior. Prejudice and discrimination work hand in hand to create and sustain racial and ethnic stratification, (Jarry J. 1987) THEORIES OF PREJUDICE Light gives the following explanations on the origin of prejudice: 1. Economic Theory- assumes that racial prejudice is a social attitude transmitted by the dominant ethnic majority class for the purpose of stigmatizing some group s as inferior so that the exploitation of the group resources will be justified. 2. Symbolic Theory- asserts that prejudice arises because a racial or ethnic group is a symbol of what people hate, fear, or envy. 3. Scapegoat theory- maintains that human beings are reluctant to accept their mistakes for their troubles and failures so they look for an ethnic-minority to shoulder the blame. 4. Social norm theory- asserts that ethnocentrism is a natural development of group living. Hatred and suspicion for the out-group are the standard and normal way of doing things, particularly in dealing with people. c. Stereotypes are often simplified and unsupported generalizations about others and are used indiscriminately for all cases. A few examples are Ilokano, â€Å"bantay kuako† (heavy smokers) and â€Å"kuripot† (stingy); Pampangueno, â€Å"dugong aso† (dog blood or traitors); Batangueno, â€Å"balisong† (knife-wielding); Bicolanos, â€Å"sili† ( pepper or hot people). 2. Patterns of Competition, Conflict and Domination When ethnocentric attitudes are coupled with intergroup competition for territory and scarce resources, an explosive social situation may arise. When two groups both strive for the same things- and they perceive their respective claims to be mutually exclusively and legitimate- the stage is set for conflict. In modern societies, the state has become the vehicle that enables one group to dominate and keep the other group subordinate. In sum, competition supplies the motivation for systems of stratification, and ethnocentrism directs competition along racial and ethnic lines, but power determines which group will subjugate the other (Noel, 1972; Barth and Noel, 1975). 3. Economic and Political Subjugation The economic takeover of one nation by a more powerful one and the subsequent political and social domination of the native population is called colonialism. If the takeover of one nation is trough the military superiority of the more powerful one for the purpose of territorial expansion and establishing colonies, it is termed as military colonialism. On the other hand, if the economic takeover is made through the great technological superiority of the more powerful one, the institutionalization of their businesses in their former colonies, the control and domination of most of a colony’s natural resources, the imposition of trade policies and economic treaties favorable to their side; the establishment of outlets for their surplus capital; the need for more cheap labor, raw materials, and markets to fuel their growing economy, the process is termed neo-colonialism or economic imperialism. 4. Displacement and Segregation of the Native Population. Economic and political subjugation of a minority population by a more powerful group is not the only pattern of conquest that occurs when different racial and ethnic group meet. Displacement of native population can be made possible through the influx of powerful settlers or invaders with their vastly superior weapons. It is typically found in areas rich in natural resources and similar in geography and climate to the homeland of the invading group. Displacement takes the following forms: a. ) by attrition, that is, numbers of the weaker group may die of starvation or disease either deliberately or not; b.) by population transfer; and c. ) by genocide- deliberate and ruthless extermination of the weaker group. Segregation involves the enactment of laws and/or customs that restrict or prohibit contact between groups. Segregation may be ethnic or racial or based on sex or age. 5. Patterns of Accommodation and Tolerance Interracial and interethnic accommodation can be carried out through miscegenation or amalgamation- the intermarriage of members of the majority and minority groups. This can result in the blending of their various customs and values and the creation of a new cultural hybrid. This involves a cultural and biological blending in which the customs and values of both groups are to some extent preserved and their biological characteristics appear in the offspring. 6. Patterns of Acculturation and Assimilation Acculturation and assimilation are two very important concepts in sociology and anthropology that describe cross cultural effects on both minorities as well as majorities in societies that are multi ethnic and multi cultural in nature. Assimilation is a broader concept as described by sociologist Jean Piaget and refers to the manner in which people take new information. There are many people who think of the two concepts as same and even use them interchangeably. If you belong to a minority community in a country and retain your own culture but cannot remain isolated and are affected by the majority culture in such a way that you adapt to some aspects of the majority culture, the process is referred to as acculturation. Assimilation is a process whereby people of a culture learn to adapt to the ways of the majority culture. There is a loss of one’s own culture as a person gives more value to the cultural aspects of the majority community in the process of assimilation. What is the difference between Acculturation and Assimilation? †¢ Meeting of cultures always produces results in terms of changes in both the cultures, and acculturation and assimilation refer to two important and different changes in these cultures. †¢ Assimilation refers to the process where some of the majority community’s cultural aspects are absorbed in such a manner that the home cultural aspects get mitigated or lost. †¢ Acculturation is a process where the cultural aspects of the majority community are adapted without losing the traditions and customs of the minority community. †¢ Minority culture changes in the case of assimilation whereas it remains intact in the case of acculturation. 7. Patterns of cultural Pluralism or Ethnic Diversity Cultural pluralism refers to the coexistence of different racial or ethnic groups each of which retains its own cultural identity and social structural networks, while participating equally in the economic and political systems. (Light, 1985) In pluralistic society, each group retains its own language, religion and customs, and its members tend to interact socially primarily among themselves. Yet all jointly participate in the economic and political systems and live in harmony and peaceful â€Å"coexistence†. A prime example of such an arrangement can be found in Switzerland. There, people of German, French, and Italian heritage preserve their distinct cultural ways while coexisting peacefully and equally. No one group enjoys special privileges or is discriminated against. ETHNIC GROUPS IN THE PHILIPPINES Ethnic groups in the Philippines are classified according to certain physical, cultural, linguistic, religious and geographic criteria. A. According to distinctive physical traits 1. The Negritoes who are regarded as the aborigines of the Philippines. 2. The Indonesian- Malayan stock which is predominant among the Filipinos. 3. The Chinese who make up the largest national group. 4. The Americans and the Spaniards, and a few other Europeans who came as colonizers. B. According to cultural standpoints 1. Cultural minorities or cultural communities 2. Muslims 3. Christian groups C. According to linguistic groupings PANAMIN reports that there are about 87 ethno linguistic groups in the Philippines-e. g. , Tagalog, Ilokano, Waray, Hiligaynon, Kapampangan, Ilonggo, etc. D. According to religion 1. Roman Catholics 2. Muslims 3. Aglipayans 4. Protestants 5. Iglesia ni Cristo 6. Buddhists 7. Jehovah’s witnesses 8. Other religious sects. E. Muslims of Southern Philippines The Muslims make up the largest single non-Christian group. They have nine ethno-linguistic groups, namely: 1. Taosug 2. Maranao 3. Maguindanao 4. Samal 5. Yakan 6. Sanggil 7. Badjao 8. Molbog 9. Jama Mapun From the Spanish regime to the present, Muslim and Christian intergroup relationships have been characterized by animosity and suspicion. This has been expressed in the Muslims’ ongoing resentment of Christian settlers and attempts at secession to form an independent Mindanao. Muslim revolutionary groups the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) and the Bangsai Moro Liberation Front (BMLF) want Mindanao, Sulu, and Palawan to secede from the Philippines. THE CULTURAL COMMUNITIES AND THE CHRISTIAN FILIPINOS The non-Christian Filipinos now known as cultural communities make up 10% of the total national population. They have maintained their culture in their clothes, art, religion, ethnic dialect, customs, traditions and other superficial differences. There are 77 major ethno-linguistic groups in the Philippines. A. Northern Luzon 1. Isneg 11. Ivatan/Itbayat 21. Malaweg 2. Kalinga 12. Ilocano 22. Yogad 3. Ifugao 13. Apayao 23. Pangasinan 4. Bontok 14. Balangao 24. Palanan 5. Kankanai 15. Bago 25. Kapampangan 6. Ibaloi 16. Kalanguya 26. Tagalog 7. Gaddang 17. Iwak 27. Bicol 8. Tinggian 18. Isinay 28. Negrito 9. Ilongot 19. Ibanag 29. Sambal 10. Ibalahan 20. Itawit B. Smaller Groups in Luzon 1. Aetas 2. Dumagats of Quezon Province 3. Mangyans of Mindoro 4. Hanunoo C. Visayas 1. Bataks 7. Aklanon 13. Solud 2. Keney 8. Rombloanon 14. Bukidnon. 3. Negritoes 9. Bantoanon 15. Boholano 4. Alangans 10. Hiligaynon 16. Cebuano 5. Masbateno 11. Kiniray-a 17. Waray 6. Abakon 12. Hamtikanon D. Mindanao 1. Tagurays 8. Mansakas 15. Kamiguin 2. Tagabilis 9. Maranao 16. Mamanwa 3. Bilaans 10. Sangil/Sangir 17. Butuanon 4. Mandayas 11. Ilanun 18. Kamayo 5. Manobos 12. Maguindanao 19. Bagobo 6. Tasadays 13. Tiboli 20. Kalagan 7. Magtisalugs 14. Subanon 21. Kalibugan E. In Sulu/Tawi-Tawi 1. Yakan 2. Sama 3. Sama Dilaut 4. Tausug 5. Jama Mapun F. In Palawan 1. Tagbanua 2. Agutayanen 3. Kuyonen 4. Molbog 5. Palawan 6. Batak 7. Tau’t Baten III. GROUP REFLECTION Within sociology, the terms race, ethnicity, minority, and dominant group all have very specific and different meanings. To understand the sociological perspective on race and ethnicity, it is important to understand the meanings of these concepts. An ethnic group is a social category of people who share a common culture, such as a common language, a common religion, or common norms, customs, practices, and history. Ethnic groups have a consciousness of their common cultural bond. An ethnic group does not exist simply because of the common national or cultural origins of the group, however. They develop because of their unique historical and social experiences, which become the basis for the group’s ethnic identity. For example, prior to immigration to the United States, Italians did not think of themselves as a distinct group with common interests and experiences. However, the process of immigration and the experiences they faced as a group in the United States, including discrimination, created a new identity for the group. Some examples of ethnic groups include Italian Americans, Polish Americans, Mexican Americans, Arab Americans, and Irish Americans. Ethnic groups are also found in other societies, such as the Pashtuns in Afghanistan or the Shiites in Iraq, whose ethnicity is base on religious differences. Like ethnicity, race is primarily, though not exclusively, a socially constructed category. A race is a group that is treated as distinct in society based on certain characteristics. Because of their biological or cultural characteristics, which are labeled as inferior by powerful groups in society, a race is often singled out for differential and unfair treatment. It is not the biological characteristics that define racial groups, but how groups have been treated historically and socially. Society assigns people to racial categories (White, Black, etc. ) not because of science or fact, but because of opinion and social experience. In other words, how racial groups are defined is a social process; it is socially constructed. A minority group is any distinct group in society that shares common group characteristics and is forced to occupy low status in society because of prejudice and discrimination. A group may be classified as a minority on the basis of ethnicity, race, sexual preference, age, or class status. It is important to note that a minority group is not necessarily the minority in terms of numbers, but it is a group that holds low status in relation to other groups in society (regardless of the size). The group that assigns a racial or ethnic group to subordinate status in society is called the dominant group. There are several sociological theories about why prejudice, discrimination, and racism exist. Current sociological theories focus mainly on explaining the existence of racism, particular institutional racism. The three major sociological perspectives (functionalist theory, symbolic interaction theory, and conflict theory) each have their own explanations to the existence of racism. Functionalist theorists argue that in order for race and ethnic relations to be functional and contribute to the harmonious conduct and stability of society, racial and ethnic minorities must assimilate into that society. Assimilation is a process in which a minority becomes absorbed into the dominant society – socially, economically, and culturally. Symbolic interaction theorists look at two issues in relation to race and ethnicity. First, they look at the role of social interaction and how it reduces racial and ethnic hostility. Second, they look at how race and ethnicity are socially constructed. In essence, symbolic interactionists ask the question, â€Å"What happens when two people of different race or ethnicity come in contact with one another and how can such interracial or interethnic contact reduce hostility and conflict? † The basic argument made by conflict theorists is that class-based conflict is an inherent and fundamental part of society. These theorists thus argue that racial and ethnic conflict is tied to class conflict and that in order to reduce racial and ethnic conflict, class conflict must first be reduced.